Category:Planning’s Historical Antecedents

From Eurêka

Planning Plotting of a course of action involving the allocation of resources; it is characteristic of most human activity whether individual, family, collective, corporate or national.

1. Physical planning General term, often used synonymously with land use planning, spatial planning, town and country planning, territorial planning, and even urban and regional planning, for the process of planning an area’s physical environment (i.e. land use, communications, transport and utilities, etc.) Its origins lie in the regulation and control of town development.
2. Urban planning Town planning.
3. Regional planning Strategic planning at regional level.
   1. Planning region Area covered by a regional plan.

Urban design Visual planning of an urban area.

Central planning Government planning.

Economic planning Development of economic facilities and economic activity.

Social planning Creating environments for social goals.

Advocacy planning Type of planning.

Allocative planning Type of planning which develops various activities.

Innovative planning Type of planning.

Environmental planning Developing plans for environmental purposes.

Pattern planning Type of planning.

Planning models Type of planning model.

Activity allocation models Planning models which are used to decide where, in a planning region, activities will be located.

Royal Town Planning Institute

• See also Hippodamos of Miletus

• See also Rebuilding Paris

Hippodamian scheme In urban planning, a method of layout that uses two large cross-axial roads to divide a city into four parts that are further divided into blocks. So called after Hippodamos of Miletus.

1. Milesian plan Gridiron layout of city planning, after the Greek city of Milethus.
2. Gridiron Series of square blocks the result of regular street intersections.

Enlightened experiments Model villages developed by industrialists in the tradition of philanthropic paternalism that not only provided decent housing and sanitary conditions but also aesthetic factors in design. Historically, they can be seen as part of a widespread religious and socialist revival towards the end of 19th cent. which included the founding of the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian movement. The aim was, like so many Victorian model developments, to instill beneficial habits of temperance and self-sufficiency into the working-class inhabitants.

Garden City Planned community by Alexander T. Stewart, the richest man in New York, owner of the Marble Palace, inventor of department store concept, purchased 7,000 acres on Long Island to lay out a settlement with strict residential and commercial zoning controls to keep it attractive for the wealthy, 1869.

Planned communities (Model villages) Model residential communitie#

1. Port Sunlight Model village by Lord Leverhulme, built in 1888.
2. Bournville Model village by George Cadbury, built in 1894.
3. New Earswick Model village by the Rowntrees of York, built in 1904.

Garden city movement Settlement, carefully designed and built according to a master plan, with the object of providing a spacious, high-quality environment for living and working. The garden city movement drew upon 19th-cent. philanthropic concepts and efforts to develop utopian communities for factory workers. The formal exposition of the garden city idea was undertaken by Ebenezer Howard in his pamphlet entitled Tomorrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (republished in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow), in which he advocated the garden city as a satellite town incorporating the best of both urban and rural environments.

1. Garden City Association Organization formed by Ebenezer Howard, 1899.
   1. Town and Country Planning Association Renamed Garden City Association, 1918.
2. Garden City Pioneer Company Founded with the express purpose of finding a suitable site to build a garden city, registered in 1902.
   1. First Garden City Ltd Site at Letchworth to build a garden city was obtained in 1903.
   2. Welwyn Garden City Second garden city was begun at Welwyn in 1920 but its growth was hampered by financial stringency.

Garden city Pioneering town planner Ebenezer Howard's concept for an ideal settlement based around gardens, parks and farmland. Its influence is seen as one of the reasons for the high level of suburban development in Britain.

Garden suburb Planned and landscaped residential area, originally derived from the garden city concept, where the overall control is exercised by a ground landlord (usually in the form of a property company, e.g. Hampstead Garden Suburb whose plan was drawn up by B. Parker and R. Unwin, the architects of Letchworth Garden City.

City Beautiful movement Influential movement of city planning during the late-19th and early-20th cents, emphasizing civic centers, monuments, boulevards, waterfronts, and neoclassical architecture as part of a new urban environment.

City Efficient movement Movement in city planning and administration emphasizing scientific management, zoning, and public works, particularly highway building. It began at the turn of the century and reached its heyday in the 1920s. Robert Moses was the archetype of this era.

Decentrists Group of urban theorists who believe in thinning out the dense cities and dispersing people to smaller places. The group included Lewis Mumford, Clarence Stein, Henry Wright and Catherine Bauer, who contributed the ter# They all drew inspiration from Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City movement.