Category:Population Policy
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Population Policy
Population policy Explicit or implicit measures, instituted by a government which influence population size, growth, distribution or composition.
- Expansionist policy Policy seeking to increase population growth.
- Restrictionist policy Policy to check population growth.
Population problem Perceived consequence of a population trend or characteristic that is negatively valued. A social problem of which a population trend or characteristic is seen to be the cause.
Population pressure Growth of population in excess of the provision of economic and social facilities, leading to a deterioration in the quality of the human and physical resources of an area. Average standards of living and, in particular, food supply per capita decline.
- Al-Ruwad (= the pioneers) Group believing that Egypt’s social and economic needs would never be met if the population was allowed to expand unchecked, formed 1930.
- Neo-Malthusian League Founded in France by Dr. Paul Robin in 1896. Outlawed by the law that banned all birth control propaganda and associations, 1930.
Overpopulation State of imbalance in which there is an excess of population which has over-utilized an area at a given time. The condition may result from a natural increase in population, a decline in resources, a decline in the demand for labor or a combination of these factors. The marginal product of labor is less than the existing average output and a high proportion of the population exists at subsistence level. A decrease in the area’s population would therefore yield economic and social benefits to the remainder.
Transmigration Mass movement of people to relieve overpopulation, a policy undertaken by the Indonesian government.
- See also Indonesian Empires
Exchange of population Exchange of population in the event of a territorial settlement between states which would leave unwelcome minorities on the wrong side of the border,
- Greek/Turkish population exchange Exchange of population between Greece and Turkey, with over a million Greeks being forced to leave in return for 350,000 Turks expelled from Greece, by the Treaty of Lausanne 1923.
Population Control
Population control Attempt by governments to increase or decrease births by fiscal or other policies. The policies thus are described as pro-natal or anti-natal.
Pro-natalism
Pronatalism (Pro-natal policies) Encouragement of having children, the social bias is having children is good; and social influences and policies are designed to encourage having children.
Tax benefits for children Tax deduction for children.
Family allowance Weekly payment for a child or children that can be collected by the mother at a post office or some other arrangement. First provided in Manitoba, Canada (1915), France (1932), Britain (1945).
Marriage loan Capital for borrowing to start a marriage.
Maternity leave Leave, paid or otherwise, for a mother before and after a birth or a child.
- Paternity leave Leave, paid or otherwise, for a father at the time of birth.
Restriction of birth-control Strict control of contraception advice and appliances.
Abortion control Limiting abortion from complete banning to restricted access.
Provision of ante- and post-natal care Subsidized provision of medical and support services required for childbirth.
Russian Communist Pro-natalism
Operation Birth Rate Begun in 1944 in the Soviet Union to compensate for an estimated 20 million dead of World War II.
One-time bonus Award of $167 for a third baby and early retirement to those women who have more than five.
Glory of Motherhood Medal Award given to women who had seven children.
Mother Heroine Award for bearing ten or more children.
Note After 50 years of these pro-natal policies, the population of Russia is dying out with a low birth rate, collapse of the family, and a massive decline of life expectancy.
Antinatalism
Antinatalism (Anti-natal polices) Discouragement of having children, with policies that do not support having children.
Family Planning Clinics Birth control freely available in clinics specializing in it.
Sterilization Male and female sterilization encouraged.
Birth control propaganda Information on family planning processes freely available.
Legalization of abortion Woman and doctor are the only people involved in the process of abortion which has been legalized.
Minimum government support for children No allowances or other subsidies for children.
No tax relief for children No recognition of children in the tax code.
Chinese Communist Anti-natalism
- See also Social control in China
One-child family policy Drastic policy adopted in 1979 to reduce China’s birthrate.
Glory Certificate (One-child Certificate) One-child family contract that provides additional benefits to the family and child for the rest of their lives and penalties if any more children are born.
Four-two-one syndrome Chinese family pattern of single children over three generations with its consequent social problems, such as female infanticide.
- Little emperors Nickname given to the new crop of only children and their spoilt ways.
Dying rooms Rooms in Chinese orphanages where unwanted or handicapped orphans are left to die of malnutrition.
International Population Control
World Population Conference First international conference on family planning organized by Margaret Sangster in Geneva in 1927.
International Planned Parenthood Federation Founded 1952. Margaret Sangster is founding member and elected first president in 1953.
Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC) One of the main protagonists in the anti-abortion lobby.
United Nations Population Fund
First World Population Conference UN sponsored conference held in Bucharest in 1974 at which the developing countries attacked Western calls for population controls as a cheap answer to the “enormous economic inequalities between the developed and the developing nations,” coining the slogan, “development is the best contraceptive.”
- Racist genocide Emotive expression used by Third World activists who claimed that Western support for population control was to reduce the birthrate of colored people of the world while the white population is allowed to increase.
- World Population Plan of Action Report based on the World Population Conference.
Second World Population Conference (Mexico City Conference) UN sponsored conference held in Mexico City in 1984 at which the developing world had generally accepted the necessity of direct intervention to limit family size.
- Mexico City policy Representatives of the Reagan administration in the US used it to further their conservative agenda and withdrew support to the UN’s family planning activities and others who used their own money to support abortion, 1984.
Third Conference on Population and Development (Cairo Conference) UN sponsored conference which reached agreement defining a new concept of reproductive rights and laid down a 20-year strategy to keep the world’s population in check. It enshrined the right of women to make their own decisions regarding their families and their relationships, held in Cairo 5-13 September 1994.
- UN Plan for Stabilization of World Population (Program of Action) Plan prepared for the UN Population Fund to stabilize the world’s population at about 7.8 billion people by the year 2050. The plan involved making family planning available worldwide, quadrupling the amount of money given to poor nations for family planning to some $4.4 billion by the year 2000. The second goal of the program is to improve women’s rights by declaring that they alone have the right to decide the number and when to have children. Published in 1994
- South-South initiative Initiative launched by Third World countries at the International Conference on Population in Cairo, September 1994, it which they would pool their own experience in population control.
Global gag rule Imposed by US President George Bush that requires any organization applying for US funds to sign an undertaking not to counsel women on abortion or provide abortion services, in 2001.
