Category:Process Engineering
From Eurêka
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Process Engineering
Manufacture Process of making goods out of materials to be sold on the market. At first manufacturing was carried out by hand as crafts, but increasingly the term is identified with the production of goods by machines in factories and on a large scale. The era of modern manufacturing began in the 1770s when many innovations were taking place, e.g. the development of the boring mill, the first consistently accurate horizontal boring machine by John Wilkinson (1728-1808) in 1775, made it possible to produce cylinders for the steam engine.
Manufacturing (Manufacturing process) Overall process of coordinating human resources, machines, tools, and capital to convert preselected materials into preconceived products. Basic stages of manufacturing.
- Product research and development Concept of the product is formulated.
- Production planning and tooling Technical planning to produce a product.
- Production Actual production, the outcome of the manufacturing process.
- Marketing Making the product available to the customer.
Factory System
Factory system Method of organizing manufacturing which gathers workers together in one place, the factory, to perform tasks based on the principle of division of labor. Early factories were generally established to take advantage of a single power source that could drive many machines simultaneously.
Manufactory Place where goods are manufactured, a little used term for factory.
- Plant Physical resources of a business such as buildings, the land they sit on, manufacturing equipment, etc.
- Factory Manufacturing facility including buildings and equipment.
- Shop floor In manufacturing industry, that part of the plant where the fabrication processes take place, i.e. the dirty work.
Industrial Processes
Industrial processes Operations performed as part of the overall series of changes that alters, either partially or completely, a material from an ambiguous form or state to a predesigned configuration or condition.
- Primary processes Primary processing includes all the methods and techniques necessary to convert raw material into standard industrial classifications in terms of sizes, shapes, lengths, and other predesignated stock inventory nomenclature. Examples include iron ore converted into steel sheets, bars, angles, and other stock engineering shapes; timber into dimensional lumber and laminated plywood sheets; and crude oil “cracked” into various semiprocessed, but standardized, liquid or gaseous states.
- Secondary processes Secondary processing traditionally means those manufacturing processes which alter or convert standard industrial materials and goods into finished consumer products.
Form utility Change in the form of a raw material or good which increases the utility of the original resource, e.g. iron ore into pig iron, metal into a machine or timber into furniture.
Precedence constraints Tasks which can cause queues and bottlenecks even in the most logical manufacturing processes, e.g. task A must be carried out before task B. This not only results in delay, it introduces an unpredictable variability into a company’s operation.
Manufacturing process technology Generic reference to the technological methods by which raw materials are converted to useful or desirable products. The term denotes the industrial processes required to make manufactured products.
Mechanization Use of machines to do the work of animals or people.
Machine Apparatus for applying mechanical power, having several parts, each with a definite function.
- Follower Part of a machine activated by another part of the machine.
- Bush Cylindrical lining round a rotating shaft in machinery.
- Direct drive Independent drive to a machine which eliminates lines of shafting and long belting.
Brattice Fence round machinery.
Guard Safety appliance on a machine to protect the machinist against injury.
- Guard rail Any form of rail to protect people from machinery.
Hand feed Applied to machines in which the stuff is fed by hand instead of mechanically.
Roller feed Applied to machines in which the stuff is fed through the machine by power rollers.
- Roller Cylinder revolving on its axis.
Rate of feed Speed in terms of feet per minute at which stuff passes through a machine.
Materials Physical element, elements, or substances of which machines, products, parts, goods, or stock items are composed or from which they are made.
Industrial materials technology Focusing of scientific knowledge on the practical applications of materials.
- See also Materials
- See also Synthetic materials
Process
Process Total steps taken to meet a goal.
Process engineer Engineer whose specialty is designing the most efficient, cost-effective procedures for producing a product.
Process design Delineating how a process will be performed.
- Process chart Chart that shows the sequence of events needed to perform a task.
- Process map Pictorial representation of a process or interrelationships between two or more processes.
- Gantt chart Graphic representation showing the succession of tasks that must be accomplished in the production of a product or completion of a process.
Lead time Time needed to accomplish a preliminary stage of a process before the next stage can begin.
Process capability Amount that could be produced on an ongoing basis if all barriers to quality were removed.
Process performance Results of a process.
- Process validation Analysis designed to ensure that a process consistently meets its goals.
- Process redesign Changing a process without changing product quality goods.
Design
Design ahead Use of known principles of science and engineering to design systems that can only be built with tools not yet available. The permits faster exploitation of the abilities of new tools.
Redundancy Use of more components than are needed to perform a function. This enables a system to operate properly despite failed components.
- Design diversity Form of redundancy in which components of different design serve the same purpose. This enables systems to function properly despite design flaws.
Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable parts French gunsmith made standardized parts for guns, and his work inspired Thomas Jefferson, after a visit to his workshop, to recommend Eli Whitney to adopt that method. Whitney brought together many ideas and can be described as the founder of modern mass production, having introduced standardized parts for muskets and invented the cotton gin (1793).
Principle of interchangeable parts (Principle of complete interchangeability) Methods of making interchangeable parts.
- Unilateral system Dimensions are given as an ideal fit with a minimum of clearance, a simple tolerance figure indicating the maximum possible machining error. Developed by Frederick Lancaster, 1895.
- Bilateral system Every precision-made part given a plus and minus toleration for each dimension, used in US.
