Category:Process Of Urbanization
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Process Of Urbanization
Ekistics (Gk, oikizo = creating a settlement) Science of human settlements. The term was coined in #1944 by Constantine Doxiadis, the Greek architect and environmental theorist, to describe a new science of human settlements which took into account all the factors, historical, sociological, economic and architectural, which have a bearing on success or failure of such settlements. Urban Place whose functions are largely divorced from the rural society surrounding it.
Urban geography Geographical study of urbanization and urban areas.
Urban History
- See also Greek town
- See also Roman town
- See also Medieval town
Urban history History of towns and formerly linked to local history. In the 1960s urban history blossomed to become a problem-oriented discipline concerned with a wide variety of social and economic interactions that take place in the urban arena. It drew heavily on the methodologies of the social sciences and made use of quantitative methods.
Urban origins Theories which purport to show the cause of the beginning of urban places.
- Environmental theory Traditional theory by V.A. Childe who argued that the emergence of urban areas was consequential to a process of agricultural change. It involves the concept of surplus food production enabling people to be relieved of the necessity of devoting all the energies to mere survival, thus they had the freedom to develop other specialties.
- Economic theory Urban place as a market place to exchange both local produce and long-distance trade.
- Military theory Urban place as a strong point where people could gather for protection.
- Religious theory Urban place acts as a center of religion, the place of the temple.
Pre-industrial city Urban areas before industrialization.
Most important city in the world In the period leading up to 2000 BCE would be Ur, Iraq. In 1500 BCE, perhaps Thebes, Egypt. There was no dominant player in 1000 BCE, though one could make a case for Sidon, Lebanon. In 500 BCE, it would be Persepolis, Persia; in the year 1, Rome; around 500 CE, maybe Changan, China; in 1000, Kaifeng, China; in 1500, probably Florence, Italy; in 2000, New York City; and in 2500, probably none of the above
Urbanization
Urbanization (Urbanism) Process and effects or gathering people in cities and towns. The concept covers urban expansion in area and population, the resulting changes in land use, ways of life, landscapes, geographical and occupational distribution of people and their economic activities.
Pseudo-urbanization Characteristics of the city are increasingly determined by new arrivals retaining their past cultures, rather than assimilating the urban culture.
Urban system Set of interdependent urban areas comprising a region or nation, normally characterized by a step-like hierarchy.
- Urban mesh Geometrical pattern of the relations of urban areas.
Urban living Values that are to be found in living in the city with its essential social integration, as compared with suburban living and its social disintegration.
Town
Town Settlement that does not generate its growth from within its own economy and has never done so. It exists as a function of the economy of the surrounding countryside.
City
City Settlement that consistently generates it economic growth from within its own economy.
- Walking city Cities which extend at most to two miles, roughly the distance that can be walked in 30 minutes. Associated with late medieval cities.
- Edge city City-like structures in the US made up of suburban communities without any city structure or a downtown.
Cittaslow Italian philosophy and practice that aims to halt the spread of clone communities with identical retail stores and dead dormitory towns, introduced by a local mayor in Italy 1999. Ludlow was the first town in the English-speaking world to adopt the concept.
Metropolitization
Metropolitan area (AmE) Economically, the same as a “city”. Politically, a city that has physically expanded beyond its formal boundaries, engulfing former towns and in some instances, coalescing with other, formerly separate cities.
Conurbation (BrE) Term invented by Patrick Geddes for the contiguous extension of urban settlements with the elimination of intervening rural areas, so that the whole becomes a continuously built-up area.
Metropolitization (AmE) Process of becoming a large urban area.
Megalopolis Coalescing of conurbations.
Metropolis Large urban area with sophisticated functions.
Métropoles d'équilibre (Counterweight cities) Metropolises designated under the Fifth French Plan, 1966-70, to act as major growth poles in the decentralization of economic growth to less privileged regions, to counterbalance the attraction of Paris, and to create a more balanced urban hierarchy.
Metropolis-satellite hypothesis Theory of economic underdevelopment which is based on conflict theory. Conflict and tension build up between the capitalist metropolis and the exploited satellites.
Dynapolis Dynamic city which, as expounded by C.A. Doxiadis, has a platform that allows for growth of all its parts.
Dynametropolis Metropolis which exhibits continuous growth like the dynapolis, but in this case contains all the phenomena that characterize a dynapolis only intensified in scale and complexity.
Metropolitan economic labour area (MELA) Attempt by the Political and Economic Planning Group to develop a new set of definitions for urban areas in Britain based on journey-to-work and employment from the 1961 census.
Law of the primate city (Primacy) Country’s leading city and is disproportionately larger than any others in the system. It dominates all others not only in population size but also in its leading role as the political, economic and social center.
Index of diversity Method of classifying cities which is based on the minimum requirement technique. Cities are classified by reference to the extent to which a city departs from various minima for employment in given sectors. The higher the index the more specialized the city.
Rank-size rule Empirical regularity recognized in the city-size distribution of a country, whereby the product obtained by multiplying a city’s rank by its size is equal to a constant, the population of the country’s largest city. It is a descriptive rather than an explanatory or predictive value.
City-size rule Frequency city-size distribution of a country.
City-size distribution Frequency distribution of urban settlements for any area or country in different size categories (usually population).
