Category:Renaissance Art
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Renaissance Art
Note There are over 180,000 international artists, from Old Masters to Modern and Contemporary Art. The following is but a crude sample of a complex field that possesses abundant literature.
Renaissance foundation Renaissance began in Italy because of its location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. It became a center of commerce between Europe and Eurasia, thus a Cultural Diffusion point between the Europeans and the Muslims. Also, Italy was home to many wealthy families, willing to finance education. The Medici family ruled Florence and advocated the arts and sciences. These aristocrats among others would pay people to learn and create for them, spreading knowledge into the lower classes. With this rebirth of intellect came the greater interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture that inspired the revival of Classicism, 1400 - 1600.
The Italian Renaissance is divided into three major phases:
- Early Renaissance Lead by sculptor Donatello, architect Filippo Brunelleschi, and painter Masaccio. They began the movement on the foundations that development and progress was integral to the evolution and survival of the arts. They found their inspiration form antiquity, creating realistic figures that portrayed personality and behavior. They focused on the laws of proportion for architecture, the human body, and space. Encompasses most 15th century art.
- High Renaissance Sought to create a generalized style of art that focused on drama, physical presence, and balance. The major artists of this period were Leonardo Da Vinci, Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. The period lasted only a short time from 1495 to 1520.
- Late Renaissance Put into motion by the sack of Rome in 1527, forcing artists to relocate to other artistic centers in Italy, France, and Spain. During this time, anti-classical sentiments began to emerge, eventually developing into the Mannerist movement.
Renaissance style Throughout the Renaissance period, artists first began to experiment with oil-based paints, mixing powdered pigments with linseed oil. The slow-drying nature of the medium allowed the painter to edit his work for several months. Perspective and attention to light became important to artists, as well as architectural accuracy in backgrounds. Popular subject matter included Biblical characters and subjects from Greek and Roman mythology. Renaissance art placed a large emphasis on the importance of the Madonna in art. Taking inspiration from classical Roman and Greek art, Renaissance artist were also interested in the human body, particularly the nude. They attempted to idealize the human form and were shown in physical perfection and purity with expression and unique personality. During this period, the gap dividing other creative thinkers such as poets, essayists, philosophers and scientists from artists began to decrease. All of there people were seen as visionaries and began to share ideas and learn from each other.
Bolognese school Founded by Francesco Cossa (c. 1435-c. 1477), painter of religious subjects and portraits.
(alphabetical listing)
Concetto (It. = concept; conceit) Renaissance, and more especially Mannerist, term which designates the underlying idea or conception which gives a particular work of art its meaning. Similar to disegno, but with the implication that the meaning is in some way surprising or paradoxical.
Disegno (It. = design; drawing) Either (1) In Renaissance Italy, where the foundation of art was considered to be drawing, ‘the conception of a work’, or (2.) By extension, the work of art of an ideal or Platonic form, which could never be fully embodied, and existed only in the artist’s mind. Used in this sense in Mannerist art theory.
Renaissance Artists
(alphabetical listing)
Leon baptista Alberti (1404-1472)
Mariotto Albertinelli (1474-1515)
Heinrich Aldegrever (1502-1561)
Fra Angelico (1400-1455)
Niccolo dell’Arca (1494)
Alesso Baldovinetti (1425-1499)
Maso di Banco
Nanni di Banco (1421)
Baccio Bandinelli (1488-1560) Influenced by Michelangelo.
- “Neptune” Bronze statue.
Jacopo de’Barbari (1440-1515)
Michelozzo di Bartolomeo (1396-1472)
Bartolome Bermejo (1405-1498)
Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio (1467-1516)
Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)_
Paris Bordone (1500-1571)
Francesco Botticini (1446-1498)
Donato Bramante (1444-1514)
Bramantino (1460-1530)
Moretto da Brescia (1498-1554)
Jörg Breu the Elder (1475-1537)
Bronzino Influenced by Michelangelo.
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Hans Burgkmair the Elder (1473-1531)
Giulio Campagnola (1482-1518)
Vittore Carpaccio (1455-1525)
Andrea del Castagno (1418-1457)
Cellini Influenced by Michelangelo.
- “Perseus and Medusa” Bronze.
Petrus Christus (1410-1473)
Joos van Cleve (1490-1540)
van Oostsanen Cornelisz
Francesco del Cossa (1435-1477)
Lorenzo Costa (1460-1535)
Jean Cousin the Elder (1495-1560)
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)
Lorenzo di Credi (1456-1536)
Carlo Crivelli (1430-1495)
Bernardo Daddi (1280-1348)
Luis Dalmau
Jacques Daret (1404-1468)
Gerard David (1460-1523)
Donatello (1386-1466)
Dossi Dosso Dossi (1490-1542) contemporary of Titian and Raphael, from Ferrara in northern Italy, who spent the whole of his working life in the Este court in Ferrara.
- Battista Dossi’s brother, another painter, who lacked Dossi’s breadth and scale of imagination.
Agostino di Duccio (1418-1481)
Jean Duvet (1485-1561)_
Hans Eworth (1540-1573)
Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)
Gaudenzio Ferrari (1471-1546)
Mino da Fiesole (1429-1484)
Filarete (1400-1469)_
Maso Finiguerra (1426-1464)
Melozzo da Forli (1438-1494)
Francesco Francia (1450-1517)
Franciabigio (1484-1525)_
Nicolas Froment (1461-1483)
Taddeo Gaddi (1300-1366)
Fernando Gallego (1443-1507)
Garofalo (1481 - 1559)
Nicolaus Gerhaert
Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455)
Giotto (1267-1337)
Bertoldo di Giovanni (1420-1491)
Matteo di Giovanni (1495)
Hugo van der Goes (1440-1482)
Nuno Goncalves
Urs Graf (1485-1527)
Erasmus Grasser (1450-1526)
Maerten van Heemskerck (1498-1574)
Ambrosius Holbein (1494-1519)_
Hans Holbein the Elder (1465-1524)
Wolfgang Huber (1485-1553)
Jaume Huguet (1492)
Dirck Jacobsz (1497-1567)
Jacob (1472-1533)
Adam Kraft (1455-1508)
Hans Süss von Kulmbach (1485-1522)
Pieter Cornelisz Kunst (1484-1560)
Francesco Laurana (1420-1502)
Filippino Lippi (1457-1504)
Fra Filippo Lippi (1406-1469)
Stefan Lochner (1451)
Antonio Lombardo (1548-1516)
Pietro Lombardo (1435-1515)
Tullio Lombardo (1455-1532)
Lorenzo Lotto (1480-1556)
Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533)
Bernardino Luini (1480-1532)
Mabuse (1378-1432)
Pedro Machuca (1550)
Benedetto da Maiano (1442-1497)
Niklaus Manuel (1484-1530)
Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439-1501)
Bernardo Martorell (1452)
Tommaso Masaccio (1401-1428)
Master of Flemalle
Master of Moulins
Israhel van Meckenem (1445-1503)
Conrat Meit (1480-1550)
Antonello da Messina (1430-1479)
Bartolomeo Montagna (1450-1523)
Hans Multscher (1467)
Neroccio (1447-1500)
Bartolome Ordonez, (1520)
Masolino da Panicale (1383-1440)
Giovanni di Paolo (1403-1483)
Joachim Patinir (1485-1524)
Georg Pencz (1500-1550)
Giovan Francesco Penni (1496-1528)
Pinturicchio (1454-1513)
Antonio Pisanello (1395-1455)
Hans Pleydenwurff (1420-1472)
Antonio Pollaiuolo (1432-1498)
Piero Pollaiuolo (1441-1496)
Pontormo Influenced by Michelangelo.
Pordenone Nickname of painter Giovanni Antonio de’Sacchis (1484?-1539), named after his hometown in Friuli, 45 miles north of Venice, best known for his frescos. His high reputation comes from his ability to move outside the conflict between Florentine linearity and Venetian softness.
Ambrogio de Predis (1455-1508)
Enguerrand Quarton (1420-1466)
Jerg Ratgeb (1480-1526)
Andrea Riccio (1470-1532)
Ercole de’Roberti (1450-1496)
Andrea Sansovino (1467-1529)
Sassetta
Martin Schongauer (1450-1491)
Jan van Scorel (1495-1562)
Cesare da Sesto (1477-1523)
Desiderio da Settignano (1430-1464)
Luca Signorelli (1440-1523)
Michel Sittow (1469-1525)
Sodoma (1477-1549)
Veit Stoss (1438-1533)
Pietro Torrigiani (1472-1528)
Cosimo Tura (1430-1495)
Vasari Influenced by Michelangelo.
Vecchietta (1410-1480)
Palma Vecchio (1480 - 1528)
Bartolomeo Veneto (1502-1555)
Domenico Veneziano (1400-1461)
Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488)
Pierino da Vinci Influenced by Michelangelo.
- “River of God” Marble statue.
Bartolommeo Vivarini (1432-1499)
Willem Vrelant (1481)
Joos van Wassenhove, Netherlandish
Konrad Witz
Florentine School
Florentine School Founded by Giotto, his simplistic and emotional paintings inspiring a large portion of later painters. Initially, the Florentine School was influenced by the Internation Gothic style. In the 15th century, the Florentine School was characterized by scientific and realistic work. Later in the 16th century, the school was made famous through the work of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. The rise of the Mannerist movement brought about the end of the Florentine School. It was brought to Florence by Federico and Taddeo Zuccaro. 1400-1600.
Florentine School Artists
(alphabetical listing)
Fra Bartolommeo (1472-1517)
Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
Giovanni Cimabue (1240-1302)
Piero di Cosimo (1462-1521)_
Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427)
Piero della Francesca (1420-1492)
Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449-1494)
Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497)
Andrea del Sarto (1486-1530)
Paolo Uccello (1397-1475)
Michelangelo
Michelangelo Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) genius in many of the arts, painting, sculpture, poetry and architecture, left Florence for Rome 1534.
- Il Divino (It) Italian devotees name for Michelangelo.
Casa Buonarroti House on the Via Ghibellina, Florence, that Michelangelo bought and never occupied and was turned into a museum by his great-nephew.
Presentation drawings Michelangelo developed important large narrative or allegorical drawings as works of art that he presented as special gifts to his closest friends. The fame of the drawings in his own day was such that the pope demanded to see them when they were made. After c.1540, their importance increased as Michelangelo’s images were multiplied and distributed as finished engravings.
Idea of beauty Michelangelo transmogrified the art of his times through his reinterpretation of male and female beauty influenced by his homosexuality and his infatuation at the age of 57 with a 12-year-old noble, Tommaso de’ Cavalieri to whom he presented “The Rape of Ganymede,” in 1532.
- “The Rape of Ganymede” Portrays Zeus as an eagle kidnapping a beautiful young Trojan to become his cup bearer.
- “The Punishment of Tityus” Mythological drawing given to Tommaso de’ Cavalieri.
Note In early-16th-century Florence intimate relations between men and boys were not uncommon.
“Venus and Cupid” Designed by Michelangelo and colored by Pontormo. Clothing was added later to cover Venus’s nakedness.
“Leda” Lost drawing which showed the mother of Helen of Troy being seduced by Zeus disguised as a swan.
Raphael
Raphael (Raffaello) (Raffaello Santi; Raffaello Sanzio; Rafael Sanzio da Urbino; Raffaello da Urbino) (1483-1520) Italian master painter and architect of the Florentine school in High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings. His father, Giovanni Santi, was also a painter in the court of Urbino.
- Florentine period In 1504 he went to Florence, where he studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. He spent almost four years there, but continued to travel to and work in other places (Perugia, Urbino and perhaps also Rome). He made friends with the local painters, particularly Fra Bartolomeo, who influenced him to discard the thin, graceful style of Perugino for more grandiose and powerful forms.
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Apprenticed to a leading Florentine master, Andrea del Verrocchio. Spent his prime in the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza where he completed the “Last Supper.” When the duke was overthrown, Leonardo was forced into periods in Rome, Florence and Milan, before his final years as the guest of the French king, Francis I, in Amboise. Two schools of thought persist about Leonardo da Vinci, prodigious underachiever or renaissance man.
- Prodigious underachiever View of his contemporaries, of failing to achieve his potential as an artist, finishing few commissions and no evidence of his work as an architect or military engineer ever being taken up. Had no Latin and could not participate in the scholarly discourses of the time.
- Renaissance man One of the greatest talents in history who was an artist, architect, town planner and military engineer who foresaw the possibility of submarine travel and human flight.
(paintings)
“The Adoration of the Magi” Leonardo’s unfinished masterpiece, commissioned in 1481 when he was 29, leaving the work in the hands of his friend Amerigo de’ Benci, when Leonardo left Florence in 1482 bound for Milan. The painting is based on Leonardo’s underdrawing, but was painted by an anonymous artist, not even a good one, possibly a hundred years later, a fact discovered 2002.
"Madonna of the Yarnwinder" Portrait of the Madonna painted between 1500 and 1510 by Leonardo da Vinci for Florimand Robertet, secretary of state to the King of France, Louis XII. It was the centrepiece of the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch, one of Britain's richest landowners whose family had owned it for 200 years. It was stolen in August 2003, when two men posing as tourists overpowered a tour guide at Drumlanrig castle in Dumfriesshire. The painting having been valued at $60 million, was recovered September 2007.
Note There are doubts about its authenticity, with some speculation that it may be the work of his students.
“Annunciation” Painting.
“Mona Lisa” Regarded as the world’s most famous painting, stolen early in 19th century, now in the Louvre, Paris.
“Battle of Anghiari” Leonardo’s revolutionary war scene, placed an entirely new emphasis on movement and the expression of intense emotion. Painting is lost, but believed to be hidden behind a wall in the Hall of 500 in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Commissioned 1503.
Parma School
Parma School Thrived in 15th and 16th century Italy with the help of the Farnese family. The main members of the school were Correggio and Parmigianino. The school, particularly Correggio, was influenced by Leonardo da Vinci and the Mannerist movement with its subjective and emotional approach to painting. Also indebted to Michelangelo, the human figure was a central theme, often depicted in an exaggerated or elongated manner. 1400-1550.
Parma School Artists
(alphabetical listing)
Correggio Antonio Allegri da Correggio (1489-1534) foremost painter of the Parma school of the Italian Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the 16th century. In his use of dynamic composition, illusionistic perspective and dramatic foreshortening, Correggio prefigured the Rococo art of the 18th century.
- See also Parmigianino
Venetian School
Venetian School In the mid 15th century, Venice was a thriving Republic, enjoying a healthy trade economy. Venice s prosperity allowed it to support the art and artists. The Republic was filled with decorative artists, architects, and traditional artist guilds. The area s location did not allow much outside influence, permitting the Venetian artists to develop their own style revolving around light and color. In addition to an emphasis on light, Venetian painters also had a distinct smooth brushstrokes. The artists embraced oil painting for its durability, helping to increase the medium s popularity. The Venetian School was minorly influence by Mannerism, employing its vivid dramatic aspects rather than the emotion that characterizes mannerist art. The Venetian school was comprised of Renaissance artists, particularly painters who employed aspects of light and color. 1450-1600.
Venetian School Artists
(alphabetical listing)
Bellini family Founder, along with the Vivarini family, of the Venetian School.
Canaletto Giovanni Antonio Canal (1697-1768) Venetian artist famous for his landscapes, or vedute of Venice. He was also a significant printmaker in etching. He was a son of the painter Bernardo Canal.
Rosalba Giovanna Carriera (1675-1757) Taught by her father, Andrea Carriera, Rosalba produced miniature pastels and oils on ivory early in her career. However, she soon began painting large pastel portraits and her reputation granted her admittance to the Academy of St. Luke at Rome in 1705. In addition to portraits, she also painted genre scenes about the lives of women and classic mythological scenes. After being accepted to the Academie Royale in Paris, Rosalba Carriera spent the rest of her career in the European courts painting royal portraits.
Giorgione Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco (1478-1510) was one of the seminal artists of the High Renaissance in Venice. Giorgione is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, and for the fact that only very few (around six) paintings are known for certain to be his work. The resulting uncertainty about the identity and meaning of his art has made Giorgione one of the most mysterious figures in European painting.
Francesco Guardi (1712-1793)
Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506)
Jacopo Tintoretto (1519-1594)
Titian Tiziano Vecelli (Tiziano Vecellio) (1485-1576) leader of the 16th-century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, in the Cadore territory, near Belluno (Veneto), in Italy, and died in Venice. Recognized by his contemporaries as “the sun amidst small stars” (recalling the final line of Dante's Paradiso), Titian was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits and landscapes (two genres that first brought him fame), mythological and religious subjects.
- Da Cadore Name during his lifetime taken from the place of his birth.
Paolo Veronese (1528-1588)
Vivarini family Founder, along with the Bellini family, of the Venetian School.
Umbrian School
Umbrian School Italian school of painting that was popular during the 15th and 16th centuries. The tenets of the movement were based on the artistic center, Perugia and executed by artists such as Perugino, Pinturicchio, and Raphael. The school emphasized perspective and geometrical composition. The artists also modeled figures and objects by means of light and color. 1500-1650.
Umbrian School Artists
(alphabetical listing)
Pietro Perugino (1450-1524) Well-known painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance.
Pinturicchio Bernardino di Betti (1452–1513) was born in Perugia, the son of Benedetto or Betto di Blagio. He may have trained under lesser known Perugian painters such as Bonfigli and Fiorenzo di Lorenzo.
- See also Raphael
